All chemical engineers, chemists, plant and facility managers, and design engineers are familiar with Shreve's Chemical Process Industries Handbook, long an industry standard. Now in a thoroughly revised and updated sixth edition, the Handbook is more essential than ever. Comprehensive and authoritative, the Handbook covers every new development in the field of chemical processing with new sections on: Environmental pollution control-with key governmental regulations on air, water, and solid-waste pollution; New cogeneration technology, including electrical production and engineering advances; The chemistry and manufacture of batteries and other energy-storage devices; New photographic and imaging products; Electroplating and other surface-treatment technologies; Biotechnology-the basics of DNA, gene splicing, and cell culturing.' Synopsis' may belong to another edition of this title. Book Description McGraw-Hill, 1984. Condition: Brand New. International Edition.
This is a Brand New Textbook Wrapped MINT in the plastic. Ship from Multiple Locations, including Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Shipping should take from 3-4 business days within US, Canada, UK, and other EU countries, 2-3 business days within Australia, Japan, and Singapore; for faster processing time, please choose to ship with Expedite. Return shipping address available in USA & Australia. Thank you for looking! Seller Inventory # 47188. Book Description McGraw-Hill, 1984.
Condition: Brand New. International Edition. This is a Brand New Textbook Wrapped MINT in the plastic. Ship from Multiple Locations, including Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Shipping should take from 3-4 business days within US, Canada, UK, and other EU countries, 2-3 business days within Australia, Japan, and Singapore; for faster processing time, please choose to ship with Expedite. Return shipping address available in USA & Australia.
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Oil refinery in - an example of chemical industryThe chemical industry comprises the that produce industrial. Central to the modern, it converts (, and ) into more than 70,000 different. The contains some overlap, as most chemical companies produce plastic as well as other chemicals.Various professionals are deeply involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, scientists, lab chemists, technicians, etc.
As of 2018, the chemical industry comprises approximately 15% of the. Contents.History Although chemicals were made and used throughout history, the birth of the heavy chemical industry (production of chemicals in large quantities for a variety of uses) coincided with the beginnings of the in general.Industrial Revolution One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial processes was. In 1736, the pharmacist developed a process for its production that involved heating saltpeter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. It was the first practical production of sulphuric acid on a large scale. And were the first to establish a large-scale factory in, in 1749, which used leaden condensing chambers for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Rollox Chemical Works in 1831, then the biggest chemical enterprise in the world.In the early, cloth was bleached by treating it with stale or and exposing it to for long periods of time, which created a severe bottleneck in production.
Sulfuric acid began to be used as a more efficient agent as well as by the middle of the century, but it was the discovery of by that spurred the creation of the first great chemical industrial enterprise. His powder was made by reacting with dry and proved to be a cheap and successful product. He opened a factory in, north of, and production went from just 52 tons in 1799 to almost 10,000 tons just five years later.was used since ancient times in the production of, and, and the source of the had traditionally been ashes in. By the 18th century, this source was becoming uneconomical due to deforestation, and the offered a prize of 2400 for a method to produce alkali from sea salt.
The was patented in 1791 by who then built a Leblanc plant at. He was denied his prize money because of the.However, it was in Britain that the Leblanc process really took off. Built the first soda works in Britain at the works on the in 1816, but it remained on a small scale due to large on salt production until 1824. When these tariffs were repealed, the British soda industry was able to rapidly expand.
's chemical works in and Charles Tennant's complex near became the largest chemical production centres anywhere. By the 1870s, the British soda output of 200,000 tons annually exceeded that of all other nations in the world combined. Patented an improved industrial method for the manufacture of.These huge factories began to produce a greater diversity of chemicals as the matured. Originally, large quantities of alkaline waste were vented into the environment from the production of soda, provoking one of the to be passed in 1863. This provided for close inspection of the factories and imposed heavy fines on those exceeding the limits on pollution. Methods were soon devised to make useful byproducts from the alkali.The was developed by the industrial chemist in 1861.
In 1864, Solvay and his brother Alfred constructed a plant in the Belgian town of and in 1874, they expanded into a larger plant in, France. The new process proved more economical and less polluting than the Leblanc method, and its use spread. In the same year, visited Solvay to acquire the rights to use his process, and he and formed the firm of, and built a Solvay plant at, England. Mond was instrumental in making the Solvay process a commercial success; he made several refinements between 1873 and 1880 that removed byproducts that could slow or halt the mass production of sodium carbonate through use of the process.Expansion and maturation The late saw an explosion in both the quantity of production and the variety of chemicals that were manufactured. Large chemical industries also took shape in Germany and later in the United States.
The factories of the German firm, in 1866.Production of artificial manufactured for was pioneered by Sir at his purpose-built facility. In the 1840s he established large works near for the manufacture of. Processes for the were patented by in the United States and in England in the 1840s. The first synthetic dye was discovered by in. He partly transformed into a crude mixture which, when extracted with alcohol, produced a substance with an intense purple colour. He also developed the first synthetic perfumes.
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However, it was German industry that quickly began to dominate the field of synthetic dyes. The three major firms, and produced several hundred different dyes, and by 1913, the German industry produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. In the United States, use of electrochemistry to produce chemicals from was a commercial success that helped to promote the country's chemical industry.The industry can be traced back to the oil works of in Scotland and in Canada.
The first plastic was invented by, an English. In 1856, he patented, a based on treated with a variety of solvents.
This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics. The industrial production of from vegetable oils was started by and his brother in 1885 in based on a modern chemical process invented by William Hough Watson that used and.By the 1920s, chemical firms consolidated into large; in Germany, in France and in Britain. Became a major chemicals firm in the early 20th century in America.Currently chemical production is a high-tech industry, where the competitiveness is more based on capacity in investment on research and development than the labour cost. Products 'Polymers and plastics, especially, and comprise about 80% of the industry’s output worldwide'.
These materials are often converted to tubing products and used by the industry to transport highly corrosive materials. Chemicals are used in a lot of different consumer goods, but they are also used in a lot of different other sectors; including agriculture manufacturing, construction, and service industries. Major industrial customers include rubber and products, apparel, petroleum refining, and primary metals. Chemicals are nearly a $3 trillion global enterprise, and the EU and U.S.
Chemical companies are the world's largest producers. Sales of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35 to 37 percent of the dollar output), life sciences (30 percent), specialty chemicals (20 to 25 percent) and consumer products (about 10 percent). Overview. Main article:The largest chemical producers today are global companies with international operations and plants in numerous countries. A list of the top 25 chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015 appears below.
(Note: Chemical sales represent only a portion of total sales for some companies.)Top chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015. RankCompany2015 Chemical Sales ( in billions)Headquarters1$63.7,2$48.8,3(China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation)$43.8,4$34.3,5$29.2,6$28.5,7$28.1,8$26.7, and,9$24.3,10$20.7,11$18.2,12$17.3,13$16.8,14$16.5,15$16.2,16$15.5,17$15.0,18$14.2,19$14.2,20$13.9,21$13.4,22$13.3,23$12.9,24$12.3,25$11.5,Technology. This is a process diagram of a turbine generator. Engineers working to produce a sustainable process for use in the chemical industry need to know how to design a sustainable process in which the system can withstand or manipulate process-halting conditions such as heat, friction, pressure, emissions, and contaminants.From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of such as and methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Most of these products serve to other items, although a smaller number go directly to consumers., and provide a few examples of product used by consumers.The industry includes manufacturers of - and -industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber (elastomers), oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), explosives, fragrances and flavors.
Examples of these products are shown in the Table below.Product TypeExamplesindustrial,industrial,productsbrick, frit,and,Although the industry is often considered a chemical industry, it has many different characteristics that puts it in a separate category. Other closely related industries include, and manufacturers.Chemical processes such as chemical reactions operate in to form new substances in various types of reaction vessels. In many cases the reactions take place in special corrosion-resistant equipment at elevated temperatures and pressures with the use of. The products of these reactions are separated using a variety of techniques including especially, and.The processes and product or products are usually tested during and after manufacture by dedicated instruments and on-site to ensure safe operation and to assure that the product will meet required. More organizations within the industry are implementing chemical compliance software to maintain quality products and standards.
The products are packaged and delivered by many methods, including pipelines, tank-cars, and tank-trucks (for both solids and liquids), cylinders, drums, bottles, and boxes. Chemical companies often have a laboratory for developing and testing products and processes. These facilities may include pilot plants, and such research facilities may be located at a site separate from the production plant(s).World Chemical Production. Distillation columnsThe scale of chemical manufacturing tends to be organized from largest in volume ( and ), to, and the smallest,.The petrochemical and commodity chemical manufacturing units are on the whole single product continuous processing plants. Not all petrochemical or commodity chemical materials are made in one single location, but groups of related materials often are to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material, energy and utility efficiency and other economies of scale.Those chemicals made on the largest of scales are made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in and along the of the, on in the in the, and in in the.
The large scale manufacturing locations often have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large scale infrastructure such as, road and rail terminals. To demonstrate the clustering and integration mentioned above, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the on.Specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacturing are mostly made in discrete batch processes. These manufacturers are often found in similar locations but in many cases they are to be found in multi sector business parks.Continents and Countries In the U.S. There are 170 major chemical companies.
They operate internationally with more than 2,800 facilities outside the U.S. And 1,700 foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating. Chemical output is $750 billion a year. Industry records large trade surpluses and employs more than a million people in the United States alone. The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $5 billion annually on pollution abatement.In Europe the chemical, plastics and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors.
Together they generate about 3.2 million jobs in more than 60,000 companies. Since 2000 the chemical sector alone has represented 2/3 of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU.in 2012 The chemical sector accounted for 12% of the EU manufacturing industry's added value. Europe remains world's biggest chemical trading region with 43% of the world's exports and 37%of the world's imports, although the latest data shows that Asia is catching up with 34% of the exports and 37% of imports. Even so, Europe still has a trading surplus with all regions of the world except Japan and China where in 2011 there was a chemical trade balance.
Europe's trade surplus with the rest of the world today amounts to 41.7 billion Euros.Over the 20 years between 1991 and 2011 the European Chemical industry saw its sales increase 295 billion Euros to 539 billion Euros, a picture of constant growth. Despite this the European industry's share of the world chemical market has fallen from 36% to 20%. This has resulted from the huge increase production and sales in the emerging markets like India and China. The data suggest that 95% of this impact is from China alone. In 2012 the data from the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)shows that 5 European countries account for 71% of the EU's chemicals sales. These are Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands.The chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years.
The fastest-growing areas have involved the manufacture of synthetic used as,. Historically and presently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world, Western Europe, North America and Japan (the Triad). The European Community remains the largest producer area followed by the US and Japan.The traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad countries is being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price, labour cost, energy cost, differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures. Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been the growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, South East Asia, Nigeria, and Brazil.Just as companies emerge as the main producers of the chemical industry, we can also look on a more global scale to how industrialized countries rank, with regards to the billions of dollars worth of production a country or region could export. Though the business of chemistry is worldwide in scope, the bulk of the world's $3.7 trillion chemical output is accounted for by only a handful of industrialized nations. The United States alone produced $689 billion, 18.6 percent of the total world chemical output in 2008. Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor I.
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University of Pennsylvania Press. Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century. Michigan State University Press. Xxii+ 650 pp. Appendices, Select bibliography and index.
Alfred D. Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries.
Harvard University Press, 2005. Chapters 3-6 deal with DuPont, Dow Chemicals, Monsanto, American Cyanamid, Union Carbide, and Allied in US; and European chemical producers, Bayer, Farben, and ICI. Micheal McCoy, et al., 'Facts & Figures of the Chemical Industry', Chemical & Engineering News, 84(28), July 10, 2006, pp. 35–72.
Shreve, R. Norris, and Joseph A. The Chemical Process Industries (4th ed.
New York: McGraw Hill, 1977). Woytinsky, W. World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks (1953) pp 1176–1205; with many tables and maps on the worldwide chemical industry in 1950. Chemical refinery resources.